中Chinese Characters Which Are Both Traditional and Simplified

Conversion Rule References

The People’s Republic of China government published a series of documents, in an attempt to standardize the simplification rules since 1955.

The most important documents are Simplified Character Master Tablepublished in 1964 and modified in 1986, andTable of The First Set of Variant Characterspublished in 1955.

In our conversion table, the number above the arrow between each pair of characters denotes a reference to the conversion rule, as follows:

• ⇒¹ Listed in Simplified Character Master Table - Table 1
• ⇒² Listed in Simplified Character Master Table - Table 2
• ⇒³ Listed in Simplified Character Master Table - Table 3
• ⇒⁴ Listed in Table of The First Set of Variant Characters
• ⇒⁵ Deduced from radicals in Simplified Character Master Table - Table 2
• ⇒⁶ Deduced from Simplified Character Master Table - Table 3
• ⇒⁷ Traditional character replaced by its written variants
• ⇒⁸ Traditional character replaced by its phonetic/semantic variants
• ⇒⁹ Simplified character is the same as the original traditional character

Important:A lot of simplified characters map to more than one traditional character. In such cases, it depends on context which traditional character the simplified character should be converting to.

If you cannot find a specific Chinese character in this table, look up:

• Simplified to Traditional Conversion Table, or
• Traditional to Simplified Conversion Table, or
• Table for characters which are both traditional and simplified, i.e. characters left untouched in the simplification process.